自定义坐标系的建立及其坐标变换实现     

周朝宪 《地质与勘探》2015,51(4):699-704

大地基准(含数学椭球体)和投影方式的组合形成多种投影坐标系。地质勘查工作者常遇到坐标转换问题和建立自定义坐标问题,尤其是当我国北京54坐标系和西安80坐标系地质数据的GIS化时。GIS软件已经成为地质勘查的基本工具,而地质数据GIS化的第一步就是建立坐标系统。本文论述了如何使用Map Info和GeosoftOasis MontajTM两种常见地质勘查GIS软件建立自定义坐标,主要是如何在该两个软件中构建自定义大地基准(datum),并且给出了如何使用两个软件进行坐标变换的步骤。  相似文献   

且末绿洲1961-2010年霜冻的变化特征及其对主要农作物的影响     

黄玖君  师国强  邓小霞 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2013,7(2):47-50

利用且末绿洲近50 a初、终霜日等气候资料,分析该地区的霜冻变化特征,初步探讨其对主要农作物的影响.结果表明:且末绿洲近50 a来终霜危害大于初霜,初霜冻推迟、终霜冻提前趋势明显,无霜期呈微弱延长趋势但不显著;初、终霜均具有5a、33 a的振荡周期,未来一段时期均处在偏晚期;进入21世纪以后未出现特早初霜和特晚终霜.总体上看,气候变暖使该地区霜冻灾害减少,对主要农作物的生长有利.  相似文献   

Stable isotope constraints on the Al₂SiO₅'triple-point' rocks from the Proterozoic Priest pluton contact aureole, New Mexico, USA     

T. E. Larson  Z. D. Sharp 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2003,21(8):785-798

The Priest pluton contact aureole in the Manzano Mountains, central New Mexico preserves evidence for upper amphibolite contact metamorphism and localized retrograde hydrothermal alteration associated with intrusion of the 1.42 Ga Priest pluton. Quartz–garnet and quartz–sillimanite oxygen isotope fractionations in pelitic schist document an increase in the temperatures of metamorphism from 540 °C, at a distance of 1 km from the pluton, to 690 °C at the contact with the pluton. Comparison of calculated temperature estimates with one‐dimensional thermal modelling suggests that background temperatures between 300 and 350 °C existed at the time of intrusion of the Priest pluton. Fibrolite is found within 300 m of the Priest pluton in pelitic and aluminous schist metamorphosed at temperatures >580 °C. Coexisting fibrolite and garnet in pelitic schist are in oxygen isotope equilibrium, suggesting these minerals were stable reaction products during peak metamorphism. The fibrolite‐in isograd is coincident with the staurolite‐out isograd in pelitic schist, and K‐feldspar is not observed with the first occurrence of fibrolite. This suggests that the breakdown of staurolite and not the second sillimanite reaction controls fibrolite growth in staurolite‐bearing pelitic schist. Muscovite‐rich aluminous schist locally preserves the Al₂SiO₅ polymorph triple‐point assemblage – kyanite, andalusite and fibrolite. Andalusite and fibrolite, but not kyanite, are in isotopic equilibrium in the aluminous schist. Co‐nucleation of fibrolite and andalusite at 580 °C in the presence of muscovite and absence of K‐feldspar suggests that univariant growth of andalusite and fibrolite occurred. Kyanite growth occurred during an earlier regional metamorphic event at a temperature nearly 80 °C lower than andalusite and fibrolite growth. Quartz–muscovite fractionations in hydrothermally altered pelitic schist and quartzite are small or negative, suggesting that late isotopic exchange between externally derived fluids and muscovite, but not quartz, occurred after peak contact metamorphism and that hydrothermal alteration in pelitic schist and quartzite occurred below the closure temperature of oxygen self diffusion in quartz (<500 °C).  相似文献   

A local-scale groundwater flow model for groundwater resources management in Dakhla Oasis,SW Egypt   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

A.?M.?EbraheemEmail author  S.?Riad  P.?Wycisk  A.?M.?Sefelnasr 《Hydrogeology Journal》2004,12(6):714-722

Dakhla Oasis is located in the Western Desert of Egypt. Groundwater exploited from the Nubian Sandstone aquifer is the only available water resource in this area. This resource has been heavily exploited since 1960, which has led to a substantial decline in the potentiometric surface of the aquifer. A regional numerical groundwater flow model, calibrated under unsteady-state conditions, has been developed and used to investigate the hydrodynamic impacts of different groundwater management options on the potentiometry of the aquifer. To account for local details and to allow a precise analysis of pumping and the resulting drawdown in Dakhla Oasis, a local-scale model was developed by refining the grid cells in the calibrated regional model. The local-scale model gave a detailed picture about the expected drawdown due to the different groundwater management options in the next 100 years. The simulated results indicated that the planned increase in groundwater extraction will have a major impact on groundwater flow patterns in the whole area located southwest of Dakhla Oasis.

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Resumen El oasis Dakhla está situado en el gran desierto occidental de Egipto. El agua subterránea que se extrae del acuífero de roca arenosa nubia es la única fuente de agua disponible en esta área. Este recurso ha sido explotado en medida considerable desde 1960. Este hecho he causado una disminución sustancial en la superficie potenciométrica del acuífero. Se ha desarollado un modelo de flujo de agua subterránea numérico regional calibrado bajo condiciones de estado variable. Este modelo se ha utilizado para investigar el impacto hidrodinámico que diferentes opciones de manejo de aguas subterráneas tienen sobre la potenciometría del acuífero. Se desarolló un modelo de escala local mediante el refinamiento de las células de malla en el modelo regional calibrado con el objecto de involucrar los detalles locales y de permitir un análisis preciso del bombeo y disminución del nivel de aqua resultante en el oasis Dakhla. El modelo de escala local proporcionó un imagen detallada de la disminución de nivel esperada según las diferentes opciones de manejo de agua subterranea en los próximos 100 años. Los resultados simulados indican que el incremento de extración planificado en la agua subterránea tendrá un gran impacto en el patrón de flujo de agua subterranea en toda el area ubicada al suroeste del oasis de Dakhla.

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Résumé Loasis de Dakhla est située dans la partie occidentale du désert dÉgypte. La seule source deau disponible dans la région provient de lexploitation de laquifère gréseux de Nubian. Cette ressource a largement été exploitée depuis 1960, résultant en la diminution significative de la surface piézométrique de laquifère. Un modèle numérique découlement régional de leau souterraine, calibré en régime transitoire, a été développé et utilisé afin détudier les impacts hydrodynamiques de différents scénarios de gestion de laquifère sur la surface piézométrique. Afin dinclure les particularités locales et de réaliser une analyse précise du pompage et du rabattement qui y est associé dans lOasis de Dakhla, un modèle local découlement a été développé en raffinant le maillage dans le modèle régional préalablement calibré. Le modèle local découlement fournit une image détaillée du rabattement prévu pour les cent prochaines années selon les différents scénarios de gestion de laquifère. Les résultats obtenus par simulation numérique indiquent que laugmentation prévue dans lexploitation de leau souterraine aura un impact majeur sur les patrons découlement de leau souterraine dans toute la région située au sud-ouest de loasis de Dakhla.

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Ultrahigh temperature deformation microstructures in felsic granulites of the Napier Complex, Antarctica   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Majbritt D. Lund  Sandra Piazolo  Simon L. Harley 《Tectonophysics》2006,427(1-4):133

Detailed electron microscope and microstructural analysis of two ultrahigh temperature felsic granulites from Tonagh Island, Napier Complex, Antarctica show deformation microstructures produced at  1000 °C at 8–10 kbar. High temperature orthopyroxene (Al 7 wt.% and  11 wt.%), exhibits crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) and frequent subgrain boundaries which point to dislocation creep as the dominating deformation mechanism within opx. Two different main slip systems are observed: in opx bands with exclusively opx grains containing subgrain boundaries with traces parallel to [010] and a strong coupling of low angle misorientations (2.5°–5°) with rotation axes parallel to [010] the dominating slip system is (100)[001]. Isolated opx grains and grain clusters of 2–5 grains embedded in a qtz–fsp matrix show an additional slip system of (010)[001]. The latter slip system is harder to activate. We suggest that differences in the activation of these slip systems is a result of higher differential stresses imposed onto the isolated opx grains and grain clusters. In contrast to opx, large qtz grains (up to 200 μm) show random crystallographic orientation. This together with their elongate and cuspate shape and the lack of systematic in the rotation axes associated with the subgrain boundaries is consistent with diffusion creep as the primary deformation mechanism in quartz.Our first time detailed microstructural observations of ultrahigh temperature and medium to high pressure granulites and their interpretation in terms of active deformation mechanisms give some insight into the type of rheology that can be expect at lower crustal conditions. If qtz is the mineral phase governing the rock rheology, Newtonian flow behaviour is expected and only low differential stress can be supported. However, if the stress supporting mineral phase is opx, the flow law resulting from dislocation creep will govern the rheology of the rock unit; hence, an exponential relationship between stress and strain rate is to be expected.  相似文献   

26Al/10Be等时线埋藏测年法基本原理与应用简介          下载免费PDF全文

孙政  沈冠军  赖忠平 《盐湖研究》2012,20(2):66-72

介绍了26Al/10Be等时线埋藏测年法的基本原理及其主要应用范围。将应被同时埋藏的一组石英矿物样的26Al-10Be浓度拟合成等时线,从其斜率解得样品的埋藏年代。在如下情况下该法可克服未知参数多于制约方程的困难:1)冰碛物-古土壤序列中古土壤形成年代的研究,以规避继承核素(inherited nu-clide)的干扰;2)因样品埋藏不够深引起的后期生成核素的干扰。此外,依据等时线拟合结果可判断样品是否符合简单恒态侵蚀模式。等时线法的引入,拓宽了埋藏测年的应用范围,并为埋藏测年数据可信度提供了一种有效的验证手段。  相似文献   

Metamorphic reactions in dry and aluminous granulites: a Perple_X <Emphasis Type="Italic">P–T</Emphasis> pseudosection analysis of the influence of effective reaction volume     

P. Nasipuri  A. Bhattacharya  S. Das 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2009,157(3):301-311

In high-Mg, Al metapelites, monophase sapphirine corona occur around spinel–corundum aggregates in monomineralic cordierite layers, and bi-phase orthopyroxene–sillimanite aggregates replace locally warped sapphirine in polygonized cordierite aggregates. P–T phase topologies computed (Perple_X software) using compositions of cordierite-rich layers that host the reaction textures did not match the assemblages for the discontinuous reactions spinel + corundum + cordierite → sapphirine and sapphirine + cordierite → orthopyroxene + sillimanite. Instead, the reaction assemblages were reproduced using P–T pseudosection analysis for micro-domain reaction volumes estimated from compositions of product phases in the volume proportion they occur. The results are consistent with known phase relations deduced using Schreinmakers P–T grids. Apparently, the compositions of cordierite-rich layers that hosted the reaction textures were inadequate chemical proxies for determining P–T–X relations of phase-boundary controlled reactions influenced by compositions of the nearest-neighbor minerals in the proportion they react (effective composition), and not in the proportion they existed in the layer/bulk rock. In other words, P–T–X phase topologies and reconstructed P–T paths in dry and aluminous rocks may be best understood by thermodynamic modeling of reactions using effective reaction volume compositions rather than the bulk composition of the rock or the mineralogical layer that host the reaction textures.  相似文献   

Granulometric analysis of glacial sediments,Schirmacher Oasis,East Antarctica     

Ashok K. Srivastava  Neloy Khare 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2009,73(5):609-620

Granulometric analysis of nineteen sediment samples has been carried out for their statistical and textural parameters. The samples are collected from the northern and southern margins of Schirmacher Oasis extending below the polar ice sheet and grading to coastal area respectively and main rocky land of Schirmacher including lakes. The analysis shows that most of the sediments are of medium grain size and fall in poor to very poor sorted category. An attempt has been made to interpret the depositional set-up by plotting the scatter patterns between various textural parameters, including C-M plot and arithmetic log-probability curves. The influence of physical parameters viz. low to high velocity winds, ice and meltwater on sediment characteristics has been discussed.  相似文献   

夏季河西地区绿洲-沙漠环境相互作用热力过程的初步分析   总被引：10，自引：6，他引：4  

吕世华  陈玉春  陈世强  朱伯承 《高原气象》2004,23(2):127-131

从绿洲和沙漠地面能量平衡方程和水分平衡方程出发,得到了表达绿洲稳定度和绿洲环流的表达式,绿洲地表温度低于沙漠的最主要原因是绿洲地表明显的蒸发。绿洲上大气稳定度的增加对于维持绿洲是一个重要的自我保护机制。从动力学角度来看,绿洲区明显的下沉(上升)运动将使大气稳定(不稳定)。反照率效应将减弱绿洲风环流,相反,蒸发效应会驱动它。绿洲中过多的蒸发使绿洲地表温度低于周围沙漠。这种温度差异使绿洲风环流产生,并且使绿洲区产生下沉运动、沙漠区产生上升运动。  相似文献   

黑河下游额济纳绿洲现代荒漠化过程及其驱动机制   总被引：30，自引：10，他引：20  

李森  李凡  孙武  李保生 《地理科学》2004,24(1):61-67

额济纳绿洲是发育在黑河下游内陆河三角洲上著名的天然绿洲。20世纪50年代以来,额济纳绿洲现代荒漠化过程加剧,绿洲萎缩,生态恶化。绿洲现代荒漠化过程是由水环境恶化过程、土壤干燥化过程、植被退化与生物多样性衰减过程、土地沙漠化过程和土壤盐碱化过程构成的地表动力学过程。导致额济纳绿洲荒漠化的驱动力是区域气候暖干化、强盛的风蚀侵蚀力、上中游过度开发水土资源的人为活动和额济纳绿洲内的“三滥”活动等。荒漠化驱动力的第一主成分与第二主成分的贡献率分别为59．276％和28．083％,反映出绿洲荒漠化驱动因子的多面性和综合性,绿洲内外过度的人为活动是其主导驱动因素。内在、外在驱动力在时间与空间上的耦合性是绿洲荒漠化的区域机制,驱动力因子团的互动-激发作用形成荒漠化的动力机制,驱动力与荒漠化土地间的响应形成正反馈机制,三种作用机制组合成绿洲现代荒漠化过程的复杂的驱动机制。  相似文献